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Q: What am I measuring
when I measure the conductivity of my solution?
A: Conductivity is the measurement of the electrolytes
in a solution. It is defined as the conductance in a
given volume. Conductance is the ability of the solution
to conduct electric current.
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Q: How does temperature affect conductivity readings?
A: The effect of temperature on conductivity readings
depends on the solution being measured. The effect is
greatest in low ionic strength (low conductivity) solutions.
A general rule to follow is there will be a 2% change
(increase)/degree C. This rule can be followed for most
aqueous solutions, however if you require a high degree
of accuracy, you should consult a chart for the particular
solution you are measuring. Organics also have very
different temperature curves.
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Q: How do I clean my electrode?
A: Clean cells with mild liquid detergent and/or
dilute nitric acid (1% wt) by dipping or filling the
cell with solution and agitating for 2 to 3 minutes.
Dilute HCl (hydrochloric acid) or H2SO4 (sulfuric acid)
may also be used. When stronger cleaning is needed,
try concentrated HCl mixed into 50% isopropanol (rubbing
alcohol). Rinse the cell several times with distilled
or deionized water and recalibrate before use.
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Q: How far can the probe be from the meter?
A: Generally the probe can be about 200 feet from
the meter. The meter sends a small AC voltage signal
to the probe.
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Q: How and when do I need to calibrate the probe?
A: Calibrate using a standard solution in the range
of the samples you are testing. Place the probe in standard
solution, condition, rinse probe in second sample of
standard solution, use a third sample of standard solution
to calibrate, and then adjust the cell constant until
the specified value is displayed. Recalibrate when you
change ranges, or if readings seem to be incorrect.
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Q: If I order a pH meter, what
accessories do I need to use with it?
A: You need a pH electrode and at least two pH buffers,
one at pH 7 and the other at either pH 4 or 10.
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Q: Can I measure the pH of a gas?
A: The only way to measure the pH of a gas is to
dissolve it into distilled water and measure the mixture.
Technically, the pH of the distilled water/gas mixture
will be that of the gas.
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Q: How should I store my electrode?
A: The best solution for electrode storage is 4M KCL.
pH 4 buffer, pH 7 buffer, or tap water are also acceptable.
Never store your electrode in distilled water.
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Q: Is automatic temperature compensation (ATC) really
necessary?
A: The necessity of ATC depends on the required
accuracy of a pH reading. pH readings vary with temperature.
For example, a sample with a pH of 7 at 25ˇăC,
may have a pH of 7.08 at 5ˇăC and a pH of 6.98
at 60ˇăC.
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Q: Can ultrasonic cleaning
damage my parts?
A: With certain cautions, ultrasonic cleaning is considered
safe for most parts. While the effects of thousands
of implosions per second is very powerful, the cleaning
process is safe since the energy is localized at the
microscopic level. The most important cautionary consideration
is the choice of cleaning solution. Potentially adverse
effects of the detergent on the material being cleaned
will be enhanced by the ultrasonics.
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Q: What cleaning solution should I use?
A: Modern ultrasonic cleaning solutions are compounded
from a variety of detergents, wetting agents and other
reactive components. A large variety of excellent formulations
are available, designed for specific applications. Proper
selection is crucial for acceptable cleaning activity
and to preclude undesirable reactivity with the part
being cleaned.
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Q: When should solutions be changed?
A: Cleaning solutions should be replenished when a noticeable
decrease in cleaning action occurs, or when the solution
is visibly dirty or spent. A fresh batch of solution
at each cleaning session is usually not required.
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Q: Is rinsing required after cleaning cycles?
A: Rinsing is recommended to remove any chemical
residue, which could be harmful to the part. Parts can
be rinsed in an ultrasonic cleaner, using a clean water
bath, or in a separate bath using tap, distilled or
deionized water.
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Q: how long the Hollow
Cathode Lamps work? (mAh)
A: Most of Azzota HCL can work >= 5000mA.h, some
fragility HCL can work >=3000mA.h.
Q: How to do laboratory stainless steel sterilization
A: Caring for Stainless Steel
Use the Proper Tools. When cleaning your stainless steel products, take care to use non-abrasive tools. Soft cloths and plastic scouring pads will not harm the steel's passive layer. Stainless steel pads can also be used but the scrubbing motion must be in the direction of the manufacturer's polishing marks.
Clean with the Polish Lines. Some stainless steels come with visible polishing lines or "grain." When visible lines are present, you should always scrub in a motion that is parallel to them. When the grain cannot be seen, use a soft cloth or plastic scouring pad.
Use Alkaline, Alkaline Chlorinated, or Non-Chloride Containing Cleaners at the recommended strength. While many traditional cleaners are loaded with chlorides, the industry is providing an ever increasing choice of non-chloride cleaners. If you are unsure of your cleaner's chloride content, contact your cleaner supplier. If they tell you that your present cleaner contains chlorides, ask if they have an alternative.
Also, avoid cleaners containing quaternary salts as they also can attack stainless steel and cause pitting and rusting. Never use hydrochloric acid (muriatic acid) on stainless steel.
Clean Frequently to avoid build-up of hard, stubborn stains. If chlorinated cleaners are used, you must rinse thoroughly. Wipe dry immediately to remove all traces of chlorination. After wiping the equipment down, allow it to air dry because oxygen helps maintain the stainless steels' passivity film.
Treat your Water. Softening hard water can do much to reduce deposits. Certain filters can be installed to remove distasteful and corrosive elements. If you are unsure of the proper water treatment for your applications, contact a treatment specialist.
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